ARE THERE DIFFERENT GRADES OF LEATHER?
Technically yes! Before any major processing is done, the raw hide goes through a splitting process that splits the hide into different layers. The outermost layer is where the fibres are the strongest, and gradually gets weaker towards the bottom. That is why some real leather products don't last that long despite it coming from a real hide.
THE COMMON TERMS OF LEATHER
Especially when you are out buying leather furniture, you would hear terms like full grain leather, top grain leather, aniline and semi aniline leather (a term often misused and misunderstood as a specific layer of leather), and genuine leather (which does not mean real leather!)
This all seems overwhelming, like what does all that jargon even mean! How am I supposed to know all of that? Don't worry, we gotchya.
Keep reading, we will address each one in very straightforward details.
WHAT IS FULL GRAIN LEATHER?
It is the outermost layer of the hide and is considered to be the highest quality of leather. Why? Because it is the strongest and most durable layer, and it is where you get the most natural grain and texture out of it. Very minimal processing and protecting is done to it. The whole idea is to retain its most natural characteristics and because of that, if there are scars (from insect bites and scuffing during its lifetime), you might see those scars. This is the only layer that has patina over time (meaning its natural colour ages naturally with time.) It is beautiful but only if you appreciate its natural beauty and embrace its imperfections (Just like how you do with the one you love!).
With that being said, the highest quality may not be the best quality you need. Not that there are a lot of it in the commercial industry to even give it much consideration anyway.
WHAT IS TOP GRAIN LEATHER?
It is the second highest grade of leather after full grain. This is the most sought-after layer because it is strong (but not as strong as full grain), so it holds up on furniture for very long time. The difference is with top grain, the outer layer is buffed off. One main reason for that is to remove the surface imperfections. Usually once that is done, it also allows for a (preferably light) layer of surface finishes to be applied. This generally gives it a more "refined" and consistent look. It definitely will look less authentic because of its uniformed texture. This is usually not so concerning, especially in modern luxury furniture where the refined look is more appropriate.
While top grain leather doesn't have natural patina, it ages in its own way. It becomes slightly softer and more flexible.
It might be interesting to know that in cases where faux alligator/snake/ostrich skin textures are embossed onto the leather (usually used in luxury bags to give it a fashionable look), it is also considered to be "corrected grain leather".
Being the second highest grade of leather in the industry, it is more expensive to have furniture made in this leather, that's why you have such options only in mid to high end luxury stores.
WHAT IS ANILINE AND SEMI ANILINE LEATHER
These terms refer more to how the leather is being dyed.
Aniline leather is leather that is dyed in soluble dyes. It just means the colour penetrates into the leather without covering its natural grain and texture. Because it is not coated with a heavy layer of pigment or protective finish, it can be more susceptible to stains and wear over time. Also, because any texture on the surface is still visible, only high-quality leather is suitable for this process.
Semi Aniline leather is leather that is made with a dye that is treated with a light layer of pigment or protective finish on top. Because it is just a light layer, it still preserves a little of its natural look and softness. Overall, it still looks uniformed in colour and texture.
WHAT IS GENUINE LEATHER
Basically anyone who tells you that their product is made of (100%) genuine leather and says nothing more after that either doesn't know about leather, or are not telling you the whole truth, making it sound like it's "the best". You can literally look this up:
Genuine leather ≠ premium leather. It is made up of leftover layers of leather after the top layers have been used to make better quality leather products. That means it still comes from a real hide, but it comes from the lowest quality part of it.
Just think of it as "Well, at least it is real leather".